Direct Measurements of Activation Energies for Surface Diffusion of CO and CO 2 on Amorphous Solid Water Using In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

The importance of the activation energy of surface diffusion (Esd) of adsorbed molecules on amorphous solid water (ASW) has been widely discussed in terms of chemical reactions on ASW at low temperatures. However, in previous work, Esd has not been measured directly but estimated from indirect experiments. It has been assumed in chemical network calculations that Esd is between 0.3 and 0.8 of the desorption energies of a molecule. It remains important to obtain direct measurements of Esd. We performed in situ observations of the deposition process of CO and CO2 on ASW using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and deduced the Esd of CO and CO2 on ASW to be 350 ± 50 and 1500 ± 100 K, respectively. The value of Esd of CO is approximately 0.3 of the total adsorption energy of CO on ASW, i.e., much smaller than assumed in chemical network calculations, where the corresponding figure is 575 K, assuming approximately 0.5 of the desorption energy. We demonstrated that TEM is very useful not only for the observation of ices but also for the measurement of some physical properties that are relevant in astrochemistry and astrophysics. Using the Esd of CO measured in the present study (350 K), we have updated the chemical network model of Furuya et al., confirming that CO2 could be efficiently formed by the reaction CO + OH → CO2 + H in the initial stages of the evolution of molecular clouds.